The combination of mass spectrometry for fuel evolution evaluation in battery thermal runaway
The rising demand for high-energy lithium-ion batteries has highlighted security issues as a consequence of thermal runaway incidents, which may result in fires and explosions. These occasions happen when exothermic reactions inside end in warmth accumulation, triggering decomposition reactions that launch flammable gases and oxygen, creating hazardous situations.
Because the temperature within the battery temperature will increase, a cascade of complicated reactions could happen. Lithium salt decomposition begins above 70°C, adopted by the breakdown of the Stable Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) at 90-130°C, releasing gases like C₂H₄ and CO₂. Electrolyte decomposition accelerates as much as 230°C, releasing fluorinated compounds. Cathode supplies decompose at 200-300°C, releasing oxygen. By 235°C, full-scale thermal runaway happens, producing gases similar to CO₂, CO, H₂, CH₄, and HF, alongside vaporized electrolyte elements, additional intensifying combustion dangers.
HEL Group’s BTC-500 adiabatic calorimeter permits complete thermal habits evaluation, evaluating the response to thermal, electrical, and mechanical stress within the battery. Right here we examine the fuel evolution profiles of two lithium-ion batteries utilizing a mix of adiabatic calorimetry (BTC-500) and mass spectrometry.
The check
Two lithium-ion batteries have been examined, one with a 151 Ah capability and one other with 177 Ah, each at 100% state-of-charge (SOC). A high-pressure mass spectrometer (Pfeiffer) was built-in with the BTC-500 calorimeter to research fuel evolution throughout thermal runaway. This setup enabled real-time monitoring at excessive frequency (50 ms per mass unit), excessive stress (8 bar), and excessive temperature, guaranteeing fast detection of transient chemical reactions (Fig 1). Utilizing a Warmth-Wait-Search (HWS) protocol, batteries have been heated incrementally till they entered thermal runaway. In-situ fuel evaluation was carried out in real-time, whereas periodic on-line sampling allowed additional evaluation. Publish-runaway fuel assortment enabled retrospective evaluation of transient species.
The fuel composition evaluation confirmed distinct profiles for every battery (Fig 2). The 151 Ah Battery produced giant quantities of COâ‚‚, Hâ‚‚, CHâ‚„, Câ‚‚Hâ‚„, and CO, alongside with minor traces of SOâ‚‚ and mercaptamines. Whereas the 177 Ah Battery launched vital CO, COâ‚‚, and Hâ‚‚, with small quantities of toluene, trimethylamine N-oxide, and long-chain hydrocarbons. The variations in fuel composition highlighted how variations in electrolyte composition and electrode supplies affect thermal runaway habits and fuel composition.
There are limitations of standard fuel evaluation as whereas fuel chromatography (GC) is extensively used it typically operates at low pressures and temperatures, making it unsuitable for the research of fuel evolution beneath thermal runaway situations. Moreover, GC requires off-line sampling, which can outcome within the lack of risky species.
The BTC-500’s integration with mass spectrometry permits for real-time, high-frequency fuel evaluation beneath high-pressure and high-temperature situations. This strategy is critical to know fast response dynamics precisely. By combining BTC-series calorimeters with high-pressure mass spectrometry, HEL Group has launched a complicated analytical resolution that enhances battery security analysis. This meeting permits researchers to trace response pathways with millisecond precision, offering deeper insights into fuel era mechanisms.
The conclusion
HEL Group’s BTC-500 was efficiently built-in with a mass spectrometer, enabling real-time, high-resolution fuel evolution monitoring throughout lithium-ion battery thermal runaway. The mixture of each programs enhances security analysis by offering further insights into fuel era processes. This helps might help to enhance the design batteries yielding safer items. Understanding fuel emissions throughout thermal runaway occasions is prime to create correct threat assessments and put environment friendly mitigation methods in place, contributing to the safer implementation of lithium-ion batteries in crucial functions.
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